Why is global distribution more difficult than domestic distribution Essay

Why is global distribution more difficult than domestic distribution - Essay Example Distribution is one of the main parts of marketing. There are actually many kinds of distribution channels. This could include wholesalers, retailers, agents, direct sales, and the overseas and Internet distributors. When products are manufactured, they are normally shipped to the distributor. The distributor then puts them in the market in some ways for the customers or retailers to buy. According to Philip Kotler, another distinguished professor of International Marketing said that the distribution channels can have several levels (www.wikipedia.org). He stated that the simplest level, otherwise known as the "zero-level" channel, has no intermediaries engaged. The next level, called the "one-level" channel, presents one intermediary such as; for manufacturing goods a distributor and in consumer goods a retailer. It would be practical if these two levels are applied in small markets. However, in larger markets, the "second-level" is more appropriate to use. A wholesaler, for instance is largely used to expand the distribution to the great number of a few, neighborhood retailers. Global distribution is a type of distribution wherein products manufactured by a company are delivered to all the markets worldwide. Although there are some difficulties with which how products are distributed, the good thing is that a manufacturer has a bigger chance of getting more income. With global distribution, one must make sure of so many things such as what to use as mode of transportation, how to distribute them properly to all the distributors from around the world, what are the ways of communicating with the distributors, and how to make sure that the products are best kept safe until they are bought by customers. When a company decides to do a global distribution, its main priority is to successfully deliver its products to the consumers so that they win the confidence of their customers and even gain more prospective buyers in the process. If by no means, this becomes a success, the company would surely gain more profit thus, it shall also be good news to its customers. Not only are the customers going to get high-quality products, they may also be able to buy these products at lower prices in the future. What is domestic distribution While global distribution is concerned with the distribution of products in most parts of the world, domestic distribution is only concerned with the distribution of products within a certain range. For instance, if a company is based in one country, then with domestic distribution, the products are only distributed in that country. Moreover, if there are companies in some parts of the world, then those countries where these companies are located are only the ones being distributed by the products. One might say that this is a selfish thing to do, however, with domestic distribution, manufacturers are ensured immediately that their products are transported successfully and quickly. There are many reasons why most companies are into domestic distribution. For one thing, it requires fewer expenses. Another thing is that manufacturers can immediately know how their products are doing on the specific places they have distributed their products. Communication is very important when it co mes to business. if one's distributors are fewer

In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion Essay Example for Free

In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion Essay To be, or not to be cries a torn Hamlet in Shakespeares tragedy, Hamlet. This is not the first time that Hamlet reflects upon his existence and thinks about committing suicide. In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion and society that one may take into consideration only after stricken with unbearable grief. In Hamlets case, he is stuck between living a horrible life that may not seem worth living, and taking his own life to end the cruelty of it, which he claims he would if God had not made it forbidden. Subsequently, Hamlet fuels his fire to live and not follow the path of suicide by remembering his duty as a person, which for him is to avenge his murdered father before it is too late. Before we can understand Hamlets popular predicament to be or not to be as a whole, we must make sure that we define the concepts that are key in his situation to place ourselves in Hamlets depressing shoes. For one, suicide is a broad, varying act that has different meanings to different people in different times. For the people of Hamlets setting, it was an atrocious, intentional act that only the horrid sinners would commit against the almighty Biblical God. Even after death, the people still looked down upon the dead that did not pass naturally into the afterlife by holding a funeral that only genocidal dictator would be worthy of; one that involved throwing rubble into the pit of the dead instead of pious flowers and ornaments. Also, though, what must be considered is the situation a person might be in. For example, if you live a life that involves lying in a dreadful hospital bed with very little consciousness and no sense of elation, one might argue, from a Christian viewpoint, that it is not immoral to kill yourself. Whether or not someone believes in a supreme being, one generally has morals. Morals are a set of rules or schemas that people follow and live by which they create, edit, and alter throughout their lives. In Hamlet, we see that almost everyone holds a heavy, negative view against suicide. The play leads us to think that suicide is something that is unnatural and undeniably immoral. When Ophelia dies, many people believed it was suicide, while others assumed it was an accidental death (Act IV, scene vii). Depending upon which side they took, their culminating feelings towards Ophelia was created based on their initial assumptions. The gravediggers or clowns that spoke during Ophelias funeral procession question whether she will receive a proper, Christian burial, or if she will be treated like a bag of bones and skin, essentially, and be buried in an unfavorable fashion. Though the situation pointed towards suicide, Ophelia received a funeral that was Christianesque mainly because of her royal blood (Act V, scene i). This specific example from the play shows us how immoral suicide, to the people of the play, really was. Where do the roots of morals lie? The answer exists in religion. The characters of Hamlet all consider religion and the laws of it to be of utmost importance. In Hamlet, Christianity is the only religion mentioned and is followed by practically everyone. Considering most people were very religious, we can infer that they followed the rules very closely and criticized those that did not, even if it was they. In one of Hamlets soliloquies, we learn that one of the few things preventing Hamlet from ending his miserable life is the commandment of God. Or that the Everlasting had not fixd His canon gainst self-slaughter! If it were not against the will of God, Hamlet would have considered suicide even more and maybe even committed the treacherous act. Christianity condemns suicide (Act I, scene ii). The people of the play follow Christianity rigorously. Therefore, the people of the play look down upon suicide mainly because of their religious views.

Effect of Rewards on Employee Motivation

Effect of Rewards on Employee Motivation Introduction Motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it. Dwight D. Eisenhower Like a little kid being given a chocolate on standing first in his class or a big hug for doing something good like helping someone, or cleaning the place after playing, rewards whether monetary or non-monetary can be significant tools for the motivation of employee and a positive step towards the improvement of his performance an boosting his morale. Jack Zigon (1998) defines rewards as something than increases the frequency of an employee action. Its a common observation that most of us dont perform our tasks completely, not because they are difficult but because of low interest or motivation to perform that task. The desire or motivation is necessary for the performance of an activity. Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981a) defines motivation as, internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction; desire or want that energizes and directs goal-oriented behavior; influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior. Background Gatlin, Rebecca (1997), says that a good and attractive reward program is necessary the employees in order to motivated them otherwise the unmotivated employees will not perform their tasks properly and will ultimately affect the company in a negative way i.e. decrease in profitability. Organizations performance is dependent on the employees who work for it, so in order to get the better and quality output, rewards contribute a lot in this part, so it is essential for organizations managers to make effective and attractive reward programs to motivate their employees, Deeprose (1994). Gregory P. Smith, author of book Dynamic Ways to Reward, Energize Motivate Your Teams, states in his book that rewarding and recognizing the work of the employees makes them happy, provide them job security and they contribute more towards the organization. Edward E. Lawler III (2003), With the right combination of reward system practices, people will be motivated to excel, and those who do excel will be motivated to stay because they will be highly rewarded. This is the foundation of the virtuous spiral, in which both sides win and create success for each other. In Pakistan human resource departments are seen only in those organizations where technology is rigorously applicable or which are highly knowledge organizations. The telecommunication sector of Pakistan has shown tremendous growth in recent years and its all because of using up to date technology and the adoption of competitive and innovative human resource practices. Becker and Huselid (1998) supports that for having the competitive advantage for any business Human resource is basic source to get it. The organizations in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan are the structures that provide their services supported by the human resources. The most important factor in the delivery of the best quality service is the motivation of the employees; on the individual level as well as on the group level. In todays world of competition to deliver best service in order to satisfy customers it has become very difficult; in fact organizations take it as a challenge to motivate employees in order to get best output from them. The telecommunication sector of Pakistan plays a powerful role in its economy. Excellent professional services delivered by the employees of the telecom sector of Pakistan can create a positive and everlasting image in the eyes of their customers. Several studies show that rewards have a huge impact on the job satisfaction and motivation of the employees. Beer (1984) says that for top management it is the top most responsibility to develop a strong positive relationship between the organization and its employees in order to carry out the continuous needs of both i.e. organizations and employees. Organizations want their employees to follow the organizations rules and regulations i.e. work according to the standards that are being set for them, and as a result of it employees want from the organization good working environment, good salary, good behavior, job security, delegation of authority. For organizations understanding to deal with these expectations of employees is required. Nel (2001), argues that those employees that are motivated and are fully aware of the organizations goals, that provide the organizations benefit, will divert their all hard work and devotion towards those goals. According to Flynn (1998), that these days organizations understand the great gains derived by linking rewards whether monetary or non monetary to their business strategy. The telecommunication sector of Pakistan is offering several benefits and rewards to its employees; so that employees feel motivated and remain satisfied with their jobs and improve their performance in order to achieve organizational goals. Objectives The basic objective for carrying out this research is to measure the impact of rewards in the most fast growing sector of Pakistan i.e. Telecommunication sector Pakistan on the motivation of its employees. Significance The significance for carrying out this research is that whether the employees in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan are satisfied with their organizational reward system or not. And which reward type they appreciate the most whether the monetary rewards or the non monetary rewards. Review of Literature Rewards Jack Zigon (1998) defines rewards as something than increases the frequency of an employee action. In order to treating the employees of the organization right, rewarding them properly is one of the important components. Organization which is growing healthier provides its employees the opportunity to grow and prosper. In todays highly business competitive environment win-win relationship is important that forms the right treatment of employees by the organizations. Strategy of rewarding employees when performance is not good cannot prevail for long, hence rewarding for good performance encourages employees to continue their performance and improve their skills and knowledge day by day to contribute positively towards organization, Edward E. Lawler III (2003). ACCEL team development says that for improved and better output from the employees rewards act as catalyst. Rewards are part of the organization and management should pay especial attention towards them; rewards should be quick, significant, related to performance, compatible with job measurement and irrevocable. Rewards should be given fairly, if there is some factor of unrealistic distribution of rewards like giving promotion of the favoritism basis, it will have a negative impact on the motivation of the rest of the employees. Searle, John G. (1990), getting the satisfaction of the employees over the rewards that are being offered to them id a difficult task, organization has to learn to manage those things which creates feeling of dissatisfaction among employees; Employees satisfaction towards reward in comparison of what he expected and how much he received secondly is comparing his rewards with other people of same jobs in the organization, overestimating his own performance as compare to his colleagues. So rewards should be designed in full justice by the management of what they are taking from employee and what they are giving to him for his input, and they should be fully defined to the employees so that there may not remain any chance of misconception. This plays important role in creating feeling of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Cameron Pierce (1977), states that every business use rewards like salary, promotion, and other types of bonuses to encourage employees towards high level of performances. Types of Rewards According to Syedain (1995), there are two schools of thought for rewards at the workplace, one is to say THANK YOU in any way, verbal, non-verbal, via certificate etc other is to give a concrete rewards that create an impact. There are two types of rewards monetary rewards and non-monetary rewards. Employee reward programs design requires a balance between monetary rewards and  non-monetary rewards  to provide incentives and benefits to the employees. Monetary rewards Marcia Moore, M.S.S.W.(2010), says that monetary rewards are those rewards that are being given by the organization in the form of cash, or through cheque or some other way of financial transaction for achieving the sales goals, providing best quality, providing outstanding performance in a difficult situation or delivering a project report in the best way. Gratton (2004), states that motivation is determined by both monetary and non-monetary factors, money has come to play an overly important role in our thinking about the causes of behavior. In most companies very limited time and effort are spent on considering non-monetary sources of motivation. Money is an important factor in motivating people as we live in a money motivated world. According to Peter Drucker (1974), there is not one shred of evidence for the allege turning away from material rewards. Antimaterialism is a myth, no matter how much it is extolled. Monetary rewards have so much importance that if no proper attention is paid to them or ignoring them will act as demotivator. He further says, Economic incentives are becoming rights rather than rewards. ACCEL team development argues that monetary rewards cannot be remunerated by the non-monetary rewards (human relations). Famous companies like Microsoft, IBM are to some level a result of monetary motivation. Financially rewarding employees increases their motivation levels, which results in increase in the output, creating more profits and those profits should be circulated back to the employees who are actually responsible for it. Non-Monetary Rewards Marcia Moore, M.S.S.W., (2010), non-monetary awards includes certificate, a word of thanks from supervisor or manager, flexible schedules, a day off, acknowledgment of birthdays, and free lunches or dinners to celebrate team work success. Pfeffer (1998), People do work for money but they work even more for meaning in their livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Companies that ignore this fact are essentially bribing their employees and will pay the price in a lack of loyalty and commitment. Sherry Ryan (Training Specialist, Weyerhaeuser Company), says that non-monetary rewards play important role in improving employee performance. Using proper attractive and communicative method of non-monetary rewards leaves a positive impact on the employees and improves employees performances in different dimensions. Such types of awards are inexpensive to give to employees but worth a lot when employees receive them. Bob Nelson (2004), saying thank you to your employees or appreciating their performances when something good is done, is extremely important factor that should be recognized by the managers. According to him 78% employees said that they feel more motivated and happy when their manager appreciates them. According to research conducted by, Allen and Helms (2002), expressions of appreciation and praise by the managers give employees encouragement. American Society for Training and Developments (ASTD) research proves that non-monetary awards work as an important factor for keeping hold of top performing employees. Motivation Motivation is derived from a Latin word, movere, which means to move. The author of book Motivation, beliefs, and organizational transformation (1999), Dr. Green and Butkus (1999), says that motivation is derived from a word motivate, which means to move, push or persuade to act for satisfying a need. Further motivation can be explained as acting of such forces within a person that cause a stimulation of effort, direction and goal direction. Motivation is the total involvement of a person in his tasks to carry out with dedication, devotion, happiness, excitements, and voluntarily, Mol (1992). Theories on Motivation There are two classes of theory of motivation; Content Theories: Content also called as need theories of motivation basically emphasis on internal factors of an individual that strengthen and gives the direction to the behavior. Maslows Hierarchy of needs: Abraham Maslow (1943, 1954), unsatisfied needs creates demotivation, there are following needs that must be satisfied, these are called as deficiency needs. As these needs are fulfilled the person is satisfied and move towards growth and self actualization. Physiological needs: These are the basic needs for example food, water, air, and all other things that are necessary for the survival. In order to enhance workplace motivation by achieving the target of fulfilling the needs of employee give proper breaks for lunch, and offer such salary to employees that enable them to buy basic needs of life. Provide ample breaks for lunch and  recuperation and pay  salaries that allow workers to  buy lifes essentials. Security needs: it includes security regarding the physical environment, living in a safe area, medical insurance, job security. These needs can simply be fulfilled by giving all these securities to employees. Belongingness needs: it includes friendships trust and satisfaction, feeling right in a group, giving and receiving care and love. It can be achieved by generating a feeling of acceptance. Esteem needs: It includes recognition, attention, social status, accomplishment, self-respect. It can be achieved by recognizing the achievements of the employee, by assigning them some projects, make them feel important and valued asset for organization. Self-actualization needs: it includes ones own potential, creative capabilities etc, it can be achieved by offering challenging and meaningful work assignments which enable innovation, creativity, and progress according to long-term goals. Alderfers ERG Theory: The Alderfers ERG theory (1969), is an extension of Maslows theory of needs. He suggested that needs can be divided into three components; existence (similar to physiological needs and security needs), relatedness (similar to belongingness needs and esteem needs) and growth (similar to self-actualization). It differs from Maslow hierarchy of needs theory in a way that according to Alderfers it may happen that more than one need may be motivated at the same time, lower motivators is not necessary to be   significantly fulfilled before moving towards higher motivators, the order of needs may differ from person to person, there is a frustration- regression principle and according to it if high order need is frustrated a person may regress to increase the satisfaction of a lower need which appears easier to satisfy. Frederick Herzbergs Motivator hygiene theory: Herzbergs motivator hygiene theory (1959), is closely related to Maslows theory but it is more closely related to how to motivate individuals at their workplace. According to him individuals are influenced by two sets of factors; Hygiene factors: These are said to be lower level of needs by Herzberg. Motivator factors: These are said to high level of needs by Herzberg. According to him meeting hygiene factors will not motivate individuals to put their effort or to improve their performance, it will just help them from being getting dissatisfied, but if motivator factors will be combined with this it will help individuals to motivate. McClellands Learned needs theory: acquire McClellands theory states that individuals learn needs from their culture and life experiences. There are three basic needs of an individual; Need for affiliation (n Aff): It is the need of establishing social relationships with the people, communities, getting accepted by them. Need for power (n Pow): It is divided in two parts, desire to control ones environment and second to influence others. Need for achievement (n Ach): It involves the aspiration to take accountability, set challenging goals and get feedback of their performance. McClelland states that a person has full strong capability in any one of the above categories, thus it has prospective to motivated people that leads to satisfaction. Management should understand these needs of the individuals and then structure their jobs to satisfy them. Those who have high n Aff such people perform well in customer service jobs or where customer interaction is involved. Those who have high n Pow management should provide them the opportunity to manage others. Those who have high n Ach such people should be given challenging but achievable goals. Process Theories: These theories of motivation focus on known human decision behaviors for the explanation if motivation. These theories determine that how an individuals behavior can be energized, maintained in willed and self directed cognitive process. Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory: Victor Vroom (1964), theory is based on three beliefs; Valence: is the extend of the expected outcomes of an individual are attractive or unattractive. Expectancy: is the extend to which employees believe that they are giving enough effort that they will achieve the target of given level of performance. Instrumentality: is the level to which employees believe that achieving a given performance level result in the form of certain reward. Motivation = Valence x Expectancy (Instrumentality) If even one of these is zero the employee will have not motivation for the task, so managers ensure increase in effort will improve performance and improved performance will result in high rewards. The theory says employees have different goals to achieve and can be motivated if they believe that; there exists a positive correlation between efforts and performance, good performance will result in a reward, and this reward will satisfy an important need, and the wish for satisfying that need is powerful enough to make effort valuable. Equity Theory: Equity theory was first time developed by John Stacey Adams in 1963. Individuals in the society make comparison of their efforts (inputs) and rewards (outputs) that they get. The fairness regarding the rewards influences the level of motivation of individuals a lot. Equity exists when individuals identify that the ratio between there efforts and rewards is similar to whom they are comparing. Individuals Rewards (output) / Individuals Efforts (Input) = Other persons Rewards (output) / Other persons Efforts (Input) Similarly inequity occurs when there is difference in ratio in comparison to others. Inequity has two types; Under-Reward: this type occurs when an individual starts believing that he is putting more efforts as compare to others, but receiving the same rewards that others are getting for relatively less effort. Over-Reward: this type occurs when an individual starts believing that his equity ratio is higher other individuals. Thus getting more rewards by putting less efforts. Under-Rewarded individual may get motivate to do more work to meet his performance level while on the other hand he may get dis-hearted from this. Over-Reward individual start putting less efforts as he may assume that he is getting much more rewards from little effort. For managers equity theory states that rewards should be fair to all employees. Gary Latham and Edwin Lockes goal setting theory: E. Locke and G. Latham (1990), states that goals are important factors in affecting the behaviors and motivation levels of employees. Motivated behavior of employees can be achieved by setting challenging goals for them that usually involve the quantitative targets. Such goals of performance are more good than those in which you just say, you did a great job, well done. Researches have shown that challenging goals are more motivational than any other goals that are easily achievable. The more the dedicated is employee the more he will put his effort to achieve those goals. Researchers show that individuals that perform in goal setting have increases goal commitment. If an individual has high self-efficiency he will respond more positively to achieve goals rather than those who are low-efficient. B.F. Skinners Reinforcement Theory: In Reinforcement theory B.F. Skinner (1957), considered a motivation theory along with learning theory. The theory state that motivated behavior is the outcome of reinforces which are actually the resultants from the behavior that cause it more likely to occur again. It further says that it is essential to measure the consequences of behavior rather than to understand cognitive or processes motivation. Such behavior that was previously rewarded will be continued in future as well from an individual rather than that behavior which was not rewarded or for which he was being punished. The theory suggests to managers that they can handle the behavior modifications by reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behaviors. Need for motivation The satisfaction or the dissatisfaction levels of an employee are directly proportional to his good or bad performance. Employee dissatisfaction may lead to poor performance. Petcharak (2004), it is the responsibility of the human resource management of the organization that employee may not dissatisfy from his job, so HR management should take steps to motivate employees otherwise employees will not perform up to expected standards of the organization. Cheng (1995), says that it is one of the larges test challenge for service providing organizations to motivate their employees in order to satisfy their customers. The HR departments major task is to develop strategies to motivate its employees. Human capital rather than financial capital plays a significant role in meeting the goals of the organization. It is the responsibility of the top executives to motivate the employees of the organization. Human capital is the basic source of competitive advandage for any service providing organization these days. Organizations which actually pay attention towards the motivation of its employees assures its success, Dale Carnige (1985). This shows that employees who are motivated are best for the organizations to attain its goals, it is the duty of managers and supervisors to motivate them, Roberts (2005). According to La Motta (1995), motivational arousal causes an employees interest to complete its project, achieve all those goals that are being set for him. Different people are motivated by different ways, one thing that is creating motivation to one person might not create to other, because there is difference in motivation levels of every individual. Baron (1983), agrees with Maslows hierarchy of needs, that there are some natural factors of motivation that if provided to an individual will motivate him like security needs, esteem needs and self actualization needs. Importance of Rewards and Motivation Searle, John G. (1990), rewards are basically to motivate the behaviors of employees towards their work. Rewards should be given as a result to effective performance. Following are some conditions that are necessary for the creation of motivation among employees; Employees must have faith that their effective performance will surely be appreciated and rewarded. The rewards that will be being offered by management are attractive. The believe of employees that their effort is really contributing worthwhile to attain the organizations goals. Organizations must pay attention towards the Monetary as well as Non-Monetary rewards, because the balanced combination of both creates motivation. An individuals goals and organizations goals are independent goals that are linked by the work motivation. Individuals provide their services to organizations to attain organizations goals in order to meet their personal goals. So, we can say that an individuals goals are directly proportional to the organizational goals. Robert (2005), while studying the Barons work (1983) reports that motivation not only can influence the performance but the performance can also be influenced by rewards, i.e. direct rewards to true performance. Total reward system is the system in which salaries and other rewards are given to the employees on the basis of their performance. Therefore, total reward system is one of the important element, Wilson (1994). Mosley, Megginson, Pietri (2001), reports that the there are three levels of employee motivation; Behavior: the direction of those behaviors of an employee that he selects to perform. Effort: the level of willingness of an employee to put their effort on their work. Persistence: the level of willingness to work regardless of difficult situations. In Pakistan telecommunication sector is facing big changes for last few years, not only their customers are increasing but also the services are increasing. They reported from a research conducted by them that employees in telecommunication sector give more importance to pay and promotion than training, and pay and promotion gives a positive impact on their job satisfaction and motivation, . Kashif u Rehman et al., (2007). Theoretical Framework Problem Statement Hypothesis # 1: There is a positive relationship between rewards and motivation in the employees of Telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Explanation: Rewards are things that boost some ones morale to do something; it is observed in our daily life that whenever an individual or a team is being given reward for their good work the motivation of the employee increases to do more good work in order to get more rewards. Hypothesis # 2: Monetary rewards cause more employee motivation than the non-monetary rewards in the telecommunication sector of Pakistan. Explanation: Reward in the form of money attracts people more rather than any other reward in form of just appreciation or a certificated. This hypothesis will test that whether it is true or not in the telecom sector of Pakistan. Hypothesis # 3: There are significant differences in effects of biological variables on employee work motivation in the telecom sector of Pakistan. Explanation: This research hypothesis will find answers to such questions as; Who were more motivated male or female? Which age group people were more motivated? Who were more motivated new or old employees? Married people had more motivation towards work or unmarried? Sales people are more motivated as compare to rest of the people at different designations? Research Methodology Tool for data collection The tool for data collection for this research is survey. And for the purpose of doing surveys mail questionnaire is designed. This method of data collection is chosen because it has geographical flexibility, easy sample accessibility, saves time, and cost, anonymity and respondent convenience to reply. Design of Questionnaire The research questionnaire consists of three parts; Part I: It consists of personal information of the subject, such as gender, age, designation, working experience, marital status and education. Part II: It is designed for the collection of data about the independent variable i.e. Rewards (Monetary Rewards/Non- Monetary Rewards). Part III: It is designed for the collection of data about the dependent variable i.e. employee motivation. Units of observation The units of observation are the employees of different companies of telecom sector of Pakistan; Mobilink Ufone Telenor Warid Zong Wateen World Call Wi-Tribe Pakistan telecommunication Limited The sample includes all categories of employees. Sample Size The sample size for data collection is 1000. Time Dimension This study is a cross sectional study. Scale / Scoring of questionnaire Te Likert scale is used for the collection of data. Likert scale is basically a 5-point scale which consists from 5 to 1. For positive statements scoring is; Strongly Agree = 5 Agree = 4 Neutral = 3 Disagree = 2 Strongly Disagree = 1 For positive statements scoring is; Strongly Agree = 1 Agree = 2 Neutral = 3 Disagree = 4 Strongly Disagree = 5 Procedure Questionnaire will be spread out among the employees of telecommunication sector of Pakistan via mail questionnaire in their workplace. Instructions and grantee of confidentiality of the personal information will be ensured. Data analysis For the descriptive analysis SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16 or simply Microsoft Excel 2010 will be used. For finding out the correlation between the Rewards (independent variable) and employee motivation (dependent variable) Pearson Correlation Coefficient will be used. For finding out the correlation between the Financial Rewards and employee motivation; and Non-Financial Rewards and employee motivation Pearson Correlation Coefficient will be used. For the analysis of the differences in employees work motivation based on the personal characteristics (biographical) ANOVA will be used which is used to measure the significant differences between the variances. Expected Results The various researches that have been carried out in various sector in different countries of the world reports that rewards have a positive impact on employee motivation. In 1997, Carolyn Wiley compared the result of previously held four surveys that were conducted on motivation of employees in year 1946, year 1980, year 1986 and year 1992. The survey that was conducted in 1992 resulted that in todays world employees are motivated by monetary rewards. Employees chosen salary as the top most motivating element. The research said that salary is a monetary reward with a natural influence. Limitations Low response rate Low completion rate Cannot catch verbal behavior Cannot use lengthy questionnaire

Should Race be an Issue in Collge Admissions? Essay -- Persuasive Argu

Should Race be an Issue in Collge Admissions? One of the first questions that people ask me is â€Å"What country are you from?† I originally took this comment as an insult, but then saw that this comment came from the ignorance of people in my community who had seen very few Asians. Realizing that my peers were just curious about who I was lightened my tone and I began to laugh every time I got that question. For me it was hilarious that I could be mistaken from really being from another country. I am half Chinese and half Caucasian and was actually born in Alabama. My ethnicity has helped me in many ways though. It has helped to distinguish me from my peers and may have helped me get into college. Getting into college is a wonderful thing to experience and affirmative action has helped minority students get into colleges have this experience and education. Many minorities are not given the opportunity to better their standing in life and use of affirmative action in college admissions has opened a door for many of these people. Conservatives argue that affirmative action is not fair and that it is reverse discrimination. Liberals argue that without affirmative action our society would be unbalanced and diversity will deteriorate without it. Chang-Lin Tien is a Chinese immigrant who was Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 1990-1997. In his article â€Å"In defense of Affirmative Action,† Tien explains that he took on the debate on affirmative action because of his role as a professor in higher education and his experience as an immigrant. He states that, â€Å" I had seen the promise of affirmative action come true†. He had also seen that â€Å"through daily interaction in classrooms, laboratories, and... ...ave emerged on top and it has been these minorities who have suffered from lack of opportunity. Without someone there to help pull them up, minorities will stay near the bottom of education. Whites will argue that is they are determined enough they will be able to succeed. The counter of that is that a person will only try so many times without hope. When you have been continuously been told that you won’t amount to much one either stands up and rebels against this thought or accepts it as a truth. Many minorities have been told for years that they are not capable of being successful and they take it in stride because that is the way they are accustomed to. Minorities need a push to help themselves out. It may seem unfair to the white conservatives, but if minorities are not shown preference now, when will the deep problems of racial division ever be solved?

Accountability in the Us Army

In the US Army, accountability is a key factor that everyone should be aware of. To be accountable means to be dependable. In order to be accountable, you must arrive on time to PT, formation, work, appointments, etc. It is mainly concentrated on three things: custody, care, and safekeeping. If you make it a point to be accountable 100 percent of the time, then there should be no worries of where you are, if you are in trouble, or if anything is wrong. Accountability is something that the Army does not take lightly. It should never be taken lightly due to the fact that it is a possibility your life could be at stake.What is accountability? â€Å"Accountability is the obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. † The DOD definition states that accountability is the obligation imposed by law or lawful order or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping ac curate record of property, documents or funds. This may include the responsibility of money, property, documents, NVG's, clothes, a vehicle, TA-50, a field manual, medication, etc.Not only is it considered that, it is also knowing that a soldiers physical and mental needs are taken into consideration so they are able to be more functional as a unit. It is taking responsibility for your actions. Meaning what you say and doing what you say. Why is accountability important to the Army? It is important to the Army because it allow people to know where you are. When you have accountability for everyone, it is easier to track down people when they are needed to do a certain task. Not only is accountability important for people, but it is also important for the safekeeping of documents, gear, weapons, etc.If someone or something is not accounted for, then there is a possibility that something serious could be wrong or something could have happened. This is the reason why the Army has accou ntability formations; so that everyone and everything is safe and accounted for. The Army wants to make sure their soldiers are safe at all times whether it be in the states or over seas which is why they do not take accountability lightly. As an enlisted soldier, it is my responsibility to keep track of all items that are issued to me.An NCO on the other hand is responsible for making sure that soldiers and equipment. A lot of money is spent on military equipment, so the Army expects to know where it is at all times. Without accountability, things could turn into complete and utter chaos. There are many ways to establish accountability. Having everyone’s phone number is the main one. When you have everyone’s phone number, then you have a way of getting in contact with someone. Therefore, it makes accountability a lot easier than it would be if you did not have a way of keeping in contact.Another way to establish accountability is the buddy system. When someone is assi gned a buddy, then they are in charge of that certain person to make sure everything is going as planned and to keep track and make sure everything is ok. Accountability does not stop with the Army. It is essential in the civilian life also. When you have a job as a civilian, you are still expected to be on time for work whether it be when you first get there or after you take a lunch break, etc. In order to be successful in the civilian world, you have to be depended on to be accountable at work.

Professional Nursing Organization- AANN Essay

Becoming a nurse is more than just performing patient assessments, passing medications, and charting. When entering the nursing profession one feels a sense of pride, an ethical obligation, and a desire to uphold a certain image nurses want to display. To its members, guide nursing behaviors, are instrumental in clinical decision making, and influence how nurses think about themselves† (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 49)†. The profession’s values give direction and meaninAs a new graduate nurses are overwhelm with learning the technical components of nurses and the desire to uphold the image of the nursing profession can be placed on the back burner. As nurses pass the novice stage of the career their core values provide the desire to expand their scope of practice, or clinical autonomy. Becoming a member of a professional nursing organization allows nurses to expand their clinical autonomy and â€Å"provide a structure for the exercise of autonomy and accountability to ensure that quality services will be provided by competent professionals† (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 63). A professional organization is â€Å"an organization of practitioners who judge one another as professionally competent and have banded together to perform social functions which they can perform in their separate capacity as individuals† (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p 63. A professional nursing organization such as the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses requires its members to display specific core values and guiding principles that contribute to the â€Å"advancement of neuroscience nursing as a specialty through the development and support of nurses to promote excellence in patient care† (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses). The members of the AANN share values such as excellence, innovation, collaboration, integrity, and visionary. AANN members also think strategically in order to achieve the organization’s goals of advancement in nursing, are results-oriented and focus on outcomes by assessing â€Å"efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and qual ity; †¦use benchmarks and/or historical data when available to evaluate performance.† (AANN). It is not necessary to be a  RN to join the AANN, but it is a requirement that a member must be a RN in order to vote and hold office in the organization. Becoming a member of the AANN comes with a myriad of social and educational opportunities. The AANN has eight Special Focus Groups and they include: Advanced Practice Nurse, Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, Neuromuscular/MS, Neuro-oncology, Neurotrauma, Pediatrics, Spine, and Stroke. Membership also provides opportunities for volunteering, AANN publications, an ANA eMembership, education advancement, and a discount on fees for a CNRN certification. The AANN supports the Certified Neuroscience Registered Nurse (CNRN) certification and offers members assistance with fees in order to promote professional and education development of its members.. The CNRN certification is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Specialty Nursing Certification (ABSNC), helps hospitals achieve or maintain a Magnet status and a CNRN certified nurse is a high caliber nurse with a strong commitment to neuroscience nursing. Members are also associated with the many partnerships the AANN has secured such as the Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, and alliances with the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA), the Neuroscience Nurses Foundation (NNF), We Move, the World Federation of Neuroscience Nurses (WFNN), the World Parkinson Congress, and many more. In the current issue of the Journal of Neuroscience Nursing there is an article that researched the factors that influence the decision of treatment options in MS patients. The study showed that there is a core theme when it comes to a MS patient’s decision about treatment. â€Å"The core theme included reflection about self-image, quality of life, goals, and being a person with MS† (Lowden, Virginia, & Ritchie2014). According to Lowden et. al (2014), common themes supporting this core theme were (a) weighing a deciding what’s important, (b) acknowledging the illness as part of oneself, (c) playing the mental ga me, (d) seeking credible resources, evaluating symptoms and fit with quality of life, and (f) managing the roles and involvement of family. The AANN participates in The Nursing Community in order to address specific nursing issues and promote the professional stature of nursing. The Nursing Community â€Å" is a forum for national professional nursing associations to  build consensus and advocate on a wide spectrum of healthcare and nursing issues, including practice, education, and research† (AANN). Another way the AANN promotes nursing professionalism is through its Advocacy Committee. The purpose of the Advocacy Committee is to â€Å"educate, inform, and encourage people interested in healthcare issues to become knowledgeable about the legislative process and become involved in health policy advocacy. Please use this information to take action to support neuroscience nurses to improve the nation’s healthcare system† (AANN). In order for an organization to promote professionalism there must be a role model that portrays the characteristics of a professional. The president of the AANN is Megan Keiser, RN DNP CNRN NP-C. Being not only a RN, receiving a CNRN certification, the president of the AANN, Megan Keiser, is also a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP). According to Creasia & Friberg, (2011), the extent to which the profession attracts and uses the people who earn the most respected advanced degrees and then gives those people the opportunity to be role models and spokespersons for nursing will determine how the profession will grow in viability, usefulness, and esteem. Works Cited American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. (nd).Retrieved from http://www.aann.org/about/content/aannboard.html Creasia, J. L. & Friberg, E.E. (Eds.). (2011). Conceptual foundations: The bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. Lowden, D., Lee, V., & Richie, J.A. (2014). Redefining Self: Patients’ Decision Making About Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 46 (4), doi 1097/JNN.0000000000000064.

buy custom Cyberlearning and Traditional Learning Among Adult Students essay

buy custom Cyberlearning and Traditional Learning Among Adult Students essay Cyberlearning is defined as the use of communication technologies and networked computing to support learning. It has the potential to transform education and enable customized interaction with some diverse learning materials for different topics found on the internet. Cyberlearning supports continuous education at various ages. The controversy behind Cyberlearning as an integral part of learning and teaching process in higher education is growing as fast as technology (Anne, 2000). There are some empirical studies that provide comprehensive tests on the effectiveness of Cyberlearning. Some of the findings show that Cyberlearning is as effective as traditional classroom learning (U.S Department of Education, 2010). Interests in Cyberlearning get fueled by a variety of economic and social pressures including pressures to expand access to higher education. There are concerns about lowering the cost of higher education and providing lifelong learning to college students. Cyberlearning g ets fueled by the development of computer technology and the lower prices of internet. A report compiled by the United States department of education indicated that there has been not enough research conducted on Cyberlearning (Cuban Peck, 2001). The report indicate that the learning effects of traditional learning setting and those of online have not been fully analyzed. The system has both advantages and disadvantages discussed. In my opinion, colleges dealing with adult students should adopt Cyberlearning but, supervision should be done. One of the merits of Cyberlearning is that students get provided with a great access to information and a wide variety of educational resources. It is a cost-effective method of providing more individualized instructions and accommodation of different learning styles. Online education offers instructions that are better than those given in the traditional classroom and students like their classes (Christine, 2005). Using technology during teaching and learningpromotes greater involvement in the process and individual responsibility for learning. Cyberlearning promotes the constructivist theory of education that encourages students to construct internal representation of knowledge (Anne, 2000). This happens through interacting with mat5erials to be learnt in a collaborative setting. The review of research literature used in Cyberlearning shows that most of the published literature gets based on case studies. There is a detailed description of personal experiences when instructional technology in used in a classroom. Such studies do not provide quantitative data regarding the effectiveness of Cyberlearning conditions. Students especially adult students are able to access detailed information from the internet based on case studies. There is flexibility and convenience when one chooses to have Cyberlearning instead of traditional classroom setting. This is advantageous for the adult students. They are able to schedule around their work and their families. They are able to take classes when they are free since time is flexible. In this way, one allocates the appropriate time for his or her studies. Cyberlearning is self paced. An adult student can study at his own pace. Different people have different paces of learning. There are those who learn at a fast pace than others. In Cyberlearning, one can learn and absorb at his own pace since it allows for review and reference (Cuban Peck, 2001). Cyberlearning provides the opportunity to hear a lecture more than once. In a traditional classroom a lecture is not repeated. The other advantage of Cyberlearning is the comprehensiveness of lectures. Printout of slides summarized can be made. The lectures are well prepared and, nothing gets skipped unlike in a live lecture. The lectures contain all necessary materials needed in the course. Cyberlearning has got various disadvantages to adult students. The first issue is the lack of interaction with the professors and fellow students. The adult student who uses Cyberlearning is unable to ask questions to the professors since there are no chances to hear comments from other students. One of the ideas of a school is to come and share ideas with other students and teachers. A student who uses Cyberlearning feels disconnected from the class. Another issue is the problems associated with equipment. There may be a problem with the technology whereby one becomes doomed. The technology used is manmade and is prone to errors such as systems breakdown or power failure. When this happens, the class gets interfered with unlike in the traditional classroom setup. The other issue is about missing of essential course materials (Dede, Honan Peters, 2005). Some necessary materials may be missed from the live lectures including real examples. The discussions in the classrooms provided b y lecturers may not be available in the online materials. The student lacks some main explanations that may not be presented in the materials. Cyberlearning requires self-direction. One must have self-discipline in order to study through the internet. The problem of procrastination and lack of self discipline exist among various people. This leads to reduced motivation in learning and the student eventually drops from the class. Cyberlearning among adult students and the other college students should be implemented. Educators are increasingly creating a blended learning environment that is incorporating both traditional and Cyberlearning methods. A blend of the two can work far much better. Students should learn in an adult-supervised school environment during part of their studies. Online or Cyberlearning is a vital component to promote student learning opportunities. We are likely to see an increased growth rate among students enrolled in computer-based courses. Students studying from home should be supervised. When they get allowed to work without supervision from a qualified teacher, they may create a roadblock towards their success. Buy custom Cyberlearning and Traditional Learning Among Adult Students essay

Mauvais - French Expressions

Mauvais - French Expressions The French word mauvais literally means bad and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say mean trick, weed, ill repute, and more with this list of expressions with mauvais. French Expressions Using Mauvais avoir mauvaise mine to look unhealthy La balle est mauvaise. (tennis) The ball is out. faire un mauvais coup to play a mean trick (on someone) se faire du mauvais sang to worry en mauvais tat in bad condition un mauvais contact faulty connection un mauvais coucheur awkward customer une mauvaise excuse poor excuse la mauvaise graine bad seed, bad lot une mauvaise herbe weed une mauvaise langue a gossip un mauvais lieu place of ill repute le mauvais il evil eye Les mauvais ouvriers ont toujours de mauvais outils. (proverb) A bad workman always blames his tools. mauvais rapport qualit-prix poor value le mauvais temps bad weather regarder lil mauvais to look threatening, to fix someone with a threatening look recevoir un mauvais coup to get a nasty blow

Analysis of How the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition Are Key Historical Events in the United States

Analysis of How the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition Are Key Historical Events in the United States The Lewis and Clark expedition is a significant exploration in the history of the United States. It explored newly acquired land and helped promote westward expansion. It provided new information for cartography and taxonomy. In 1803 Thomas Jefferson acquired the Louisiana Territory. After having â€Å"offered to buy for $2 million only the region around the mouth of the Mississippi River, which included the port and city of New Orleans†, Napoleon countered the offer by offering to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15,000,000 which included the cancellation of all war debts. Though strict constructionist felt it was not in his right to acquire new land, Jefferson went ahead and made the purchase. John Quincy Adams later â€Å"criticized Jefferson for getting into office under the banners of state’s rights and state’s sovereignty†¦and immediately purchasing Louisiana† (Brown, 30). Later during the case of American Insurance Company v. Canter it was decided that â€Å"the Constitution confers absolutely on the government of the Union, the powers of making war, and of making treaties; consequently, that government possesses the power of acquiring territory, either by conquest or by treaty† After the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson commissioned his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis to head the expedition, Lewis then contracted his friend William Clark to co-captain the expedition. â€Å"Together they collected a diverse military Corps of Discovery† to help ensure the completion of the two year journey to the Pacific. One main thing that made the expedition a success was the helped they received from Indians. They would have starved or been killed if it wasn’t for Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian, â€Å"the Indians were inclined to believe that the whites were friendly when they saw Sacagawea. A war party never traveled with a woman, especially a woman with a baby.† The expedition made great contributions to cartography. â€Å"They prepared about 140 maps on the trail and collected some 30 maps from Indians, fur trappers, and traders†. Many of the maps they provided helped provide a more detailed look at the west, â€Å"including a greatly expanded view of the Rocky Mountains and a more accurate positioning of some of the western rivers†. The information these maps provided helped pave the way for westward expansion. Not only did the expedition provide advances in cartography, but it also provided information for taxonomy. The expedition documented â€Å"179 species of undocumented plants and trees† and provided the â€Å"first documentation of 122 species of animals, birds and fish†. With this information scientist were able to learn more about the land that had been conquered. Lewis and Clark also brought back to Jefferson a prairie dog as a gift, which did not exist in the east. The Lewis and Clark expedition is a significant moment in time because it helped provide a wealth of information about the New World. It helped improve relations with the Indians and helped to encourage westward expansion. It also provided the President with the power to purchase land for the United States. The Lewis and Clark will always be a lauded journey not only for the knowledge it provided, but also for the courage it took to venture out into the wilderness, not knowing what faced them.

World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

World War I - Essay Example According to (Clark 21), the four main causes of the World War I were nationalism, militarism, imperialism and alliances. Imperialism which is domination of one country as a result of its prowess in economics, politics or culture was caused by the fact that after the industrial revolution, some nations in Europe became rich and hence started controlling other nations. As a result of the imperialistic foreign policies imposed by the great empires like the Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire and Germany Empire, tensions began to accumulate. Following the scramble and partition of Africa in search of natural resources to trade, the European nations started recruiting the Africans to use crude weapons. Nations also started acquiring military weapons in preparation for a war as a result of the increasing tension. This militarism paved a smooth way for the way. Most of the Europeans were nationalists who were prepared to defend their nations against any enemies or attack by foreign policies. When the heir of Austria-Hungary was assassinated, it is nationalism that led to the people of Austria declare war against the Yugoslav nationalists. With the tensions already high in Europe, the war was sparked. Alliances were quickly formed as European nations began choosing the nations they would support in the wars and this led to the spread of the war to most parts of Europe. With each country in the alliance bringing in Africans on top of their military to fight the enemies and with the previously acquired arms and other crude weaponry, the war continued until 1918. The United States of America would not have joined the war had the Germans not triggered it with their constant nuisance. Germany’s submarines were constantly violating the international law and entering illegally into American waters. They even sunk a British ship killing several Americans.

Mental Health Promotion Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mental Health Promotion Project - Essay Example This definition does not focus on the mere absence of illness or disease; but also on the presence of wellness on multiple factors. This concept is in opposition to the way in which many clinicians view the concept of health. Often the emphasis is on the absence of symptoms of illness; and medical professionals forget to attend to the presence of wellness. While this may or may not be as significant with illnesses of a purely physical nature; such a narrow perspective may not be adequate when dealing with problems that affect mental health. While House (2002) and Seeker (2005) claim that focusing on the symptoms and pathology helps keep a focus on resolution of symptoms and encourages a curer's approach; it needs to be mentioned that a person who is diagnosed and receiving help may be feeling better in part due to the fact that he or she is experiencing being cared for as against someone who is not receiving care. Squire (2002) has noted that someone who does not share the competenci es with the rest of the population could be termed as unhealthy; something that is rather unfair. A better definition is that of the Health Education Authority (HEA) (1997) which includes emotional and spiritual resilience. This is the factor that allows one to enjoy the experience of life and cope with pain (Squire, 2002; Jeanette, 2009). We may say that the WHO (2004) definition that mental health is a state of wellbeing is a more positive definition that focuses on the ability to cope with normal stressors and the ability to work in a fruitful and productive manner and to contribute to the society around them. Promoting Mental Health. Barry and Jenkins (2007) have found that a focus of developing mental health has helped in reducing the number of people diagnosed with mental disorders. It also has the positive impact of increasing the number who recover (Friedli, 2009). Promoting mental health can thus be defined as â€Å"Any action to enhance the mental well-being of individual s, families, organizations or communities (DH 2001).† The national service framework of 1999 has established certain standards of care that are designed to enhance the recovery experience of patients. Over time, the focus has been on not only reducing the extent and number of symptoms seen; but also on the growth of a wellness principle. This principle is one that guides the treatment and carer actions such that the emphasis is on overall recovery and health. Most policies for health care are aimed at the working population. This has many reasons; from the density of this population; to the contribution they make towards the running of the significant services, including the health services. The working population is also the population which contains the parents of minors – a population whose overall wellbeing is to some extent contingent on the wellbeing of the adults who influence their lives. Any country functions best when its working population is well and functio nal in that they participate in meaningful activities and have healthy relationships with people and elements of their lives. The ‘Quality Framework for mental health promotion (Health Education Authority, 1997) was put in place in order to ensure that mental health promotion projects are effectively planned, consistently delivered and properly evaluated. This

Criminal Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Psychology - Essay Example Theoretically, it is comparatively a new discipline and the product of post WWII era, when the renowned psychologist Langer was instructed, by the British Government, to explore criminal stimulus behind the personality of German Chancellor Adolf Hitler. (Quoted in Wikipedia.org) But in practice, it is as old as human society. The discipline got popularity soon after the psychological investigation of the prisoners of war was started being conducted in England. The basic intention behind it was to assess and estimate the minds of offenders and criminals in order to make laws and establish penalties and punishments on the basis of psychological reasons behind crimes. Crime is a social phenomenon and exists in each and every culture of the world from the most primitive human tribes and clans to the modern contemporary society. With the increase in population of the world at large, the tribes and communities grew widely and developed into society. The crime rate also got its place along with the growth of civilization with an upward trend and increase. The need of rules and system was felt to preserve peace and harmony. Subsequently, social norms, mores and taboos were determined to bring regularity in society. Socio-cultural and political authorities came into being with the passage of time, to evade disturbance and control deviancy from the prescribed manners prevailing in some specific area. Theories were articulated and researches were conducted in order to acquire information and knowledge in respect of motivation behind crime. Abnormal attitude creating public nuisance was declared as crime against the state and its individuals. Durkheim vie ws crime, states Coser (1977:141), as normal in terms of its occurrence, and even as having positive social functions in terms of its consequences. In his words: "Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form, and

2. How useful are psychological motivation theories in explaining Essay

2. How useful are psychological motivation theories in explaining behaviour in organizations - Essay Example For an effective employee, management and leadership in the workplace, there is need for understanding human nature. This is what motivational theories help the management do. These theories fall under four categories i.e. need-based theories, job based theories, cognitive process theories and the behavioural approach. These theories together provide significant insight about human behaviour thus helping managers to comprehend and motivate workers thereby improving productivity. These theories attempt to explain work motivation in terms of the extent to which employees fulfil their needs in the workplace. One important theory that falls under this category is the Maslow hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s studies about human motivation led him to establish a theory of need based on the hierarchical chain with basic needs at the bottom and higher needs at the top (Dye, Mills & Weatherbee, 2005). His emphasis was that most people are motivated by the desire to satisfy a specific group of needs. These needs are: Physiological needs which include food, shelter, clothing, sleep, sex etc. Safety or security needs which comprise of the needed for a stable environment free from threats and social needs with regard to one’s relationship with others and status within a group. Self esteem needs which comprise of the need for self respect, self esteem and the esteem of others. Self actualisation needs which simply refer to the need for fulfilment. An organisatio n can meet some of these needs through simple exercises like giving employees adequate breaks for meals, adequate salaries to cater for their families, encouraging team work to achieve their social needs and giving them challenging assignments to allow them to be creative at their work. Maslow believed that human beings tend to satisfy their needs systematically starting with the basic psychological needs and then moving up the hierarchy. A person’s behaviour will be

Identify and describes four cultural resources Essay

Identify and describes four cultural resources - Essay Example The men were the ones who go out and hunt, while the women gathered the small animals, fruits and plants that could be utilised for making food, tools and clothes. The women are also regarded as the â€Å"light of the family†, wherein their role are also confounded to making meals and overlooking the overall welfare of the family. Their traditional values were kept alive through dreamtime stories, songs and dances that are being passed on from generation to generation. Dreamtime stories were also relayed through rock or bark paintings (Australian Builder, 2006). There are hundreds of aboriginal groups in Australia. Some are defined and named through their autonyms or name used by the group while some from their exonyms or the name given by another group for a certain aboriginal group (and not by the group themselves). In some instances, these groups were named from their area. One of the aboriginal groups present in Australia is the Irukandji, situated in the coastal strip of Cairns, Queensland. From the word â€Å"east†, the Irukandji group were seafarers who lived with their ancestors or extended families. During night time, they reside in sand dunes with the beach fire burned to light their surroundings and keep mosquitoes away from them. On the other hand, they reside in semi-permanent huts during the wet season. Like the rest of the aborigines, they believe in nature spirits. The Irukandji believed that the Rainbow Serpent Gudjugudjum created their landscape (Tindale, 1974). Often referred to as â€Å"the Cradle of Western Civilisation†, Greece and its unique culture is one of the pivotal influences in the field of arts, philosophy, architecture, religion, math, sciences and music (among other influences) all over the globe. Western art and early Christianity have been tremendously influenced by the Greeks through the latter’s Byzantine art and architecture

Criminal Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Psychology - Essay Example Theoretically, it is comparatively a new discipline and the product of post WWII era, when the renowned psychologist Langer was instructed, by the British Government, to explore criminal stimulus behind the personality of German Chancellor Adolf Hitler. (Quoted in Wikipedia.org) But in practice, it is as old as human society. The discipline got popularity soon after the psychological investigation of the prisoners of war was started being conducted in England. The basic intention behind it was to assess and estimate the minds of offenders and criminals in order to make laws and establish penalties and punishments on the basis of psychological reasons behind crimes. Crime is a social phenomenon and exists in each and every culture of the world from the most primitive human tribes and clans to the modern contemporary society. With the increase in population of the world at large, the tribes and communities grew widely and developed into society. The crime rate also got its place along with the growth of civilization with an upward trend and increase. The need of rules and system was felt to preserve peace and harmony. Subsequently, social norms, mores and taboos were determined to bring regularity in society. Socio-cultural and political authorities came into being with the passage of time, to evade disturbance and control deviancy from the prescribed manners prevailing in some specific area. Theories were articulated and researches were conducted in order to acquire information and knowledge in respect of motivation behind crime. Abnormal attitude creating public nuisance was declared as crime against the state and its individuals. Durkheim vie ws crime, states Coser (1977:141), as normal in terms of its occurrence, and even as having positive social functions in terms of its consequences. In his words: "Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form, and

Identify and describes four cultural resources Essay

Identify and describes four cultural resources - Essay Example The men were the ones who go out and hunt, while the women gathered the small animals, fruits and plants that could be utilised for making food, tools and clothes. The women are also regarded as the â€Å"light of the family†, wherein their role are also confounded to making meals and overlooking the overall welfare of the family. Their traditional values were kept alive through dreamtime stories, songs and dances that are being passed on from generation to generation. Dreamtime stories were also relayed through rock or bark paintings (Australian Builder, 2006). There are hundreds of aboriginal groups in Australia. Some are defined and named through their autonyms or name used by the group while some from their exonyms or the name given by another group for a certain aboriginal group (and not by the group themselves). In some instances, these groups were named from their area. One of the aboriginal groups present in Australia is the Irukandji, situated in the coastal strip of Cairns, Queensland. From the word â€Å"east†, the Irukandji group were seafarers who lived with their ancestors or extended families. During night time, they reside in sand dunes with the beach fire burned to light their surroundings and keep mosquitoes away from them. On the other hand, they reside in semi-permanent huts during the wet season. Like the rest of the aborigines, they believe in nature spirits. The Irukandji believed that the Rainbow Serpent Gudjugudjum created their landscape (Tindale, 1974). Often referred to as â€Å"the Cradle of Western Civilisation†, Greece and its unique culture is one of the pivotal influences in the field of arts, philosophy, architecture, religion, math, sciences and music (among other influences) all over the globe. Western art and early Christianity have been tremendously influenced by the Greeks through the latter’s Byzantine art and architecture

Teen Pregnancy Research Essay Example for Free

Teen Pregnancy Research Essay Social Construction of Teenage Pregnancy in the United States: Race, Class and Gender In the United States, an estimated forty five percent of all female teenagers have premarital sex. As a result, about forty percent of all female adolescents become pregnant at least once before age twenty; and about four-fifths of these pregnancies are unintended. Twenty percent of these female adolescents bear a child, and about half of them are unmarried (Lawson and Rhode, 2). In a society that associates age appropriate sexual behavior and marital status with the welfare of the family and community, this is a very alarming statistic to many. Throughout the past several decades American society has developed very strong, and many times mythical opinions about teenage pregnancy, the consequences it has on teen mothers, and the type of women contributing to these statistics. These mythical opinions consistently revolve around race, class and gender. Therefore, in this paper I will be examining the social constructions American society has developed about teenage pregnancy in relation to race, class, and gender as well as the misconceptions these social constructions lead to. It will be seen that societies views on teenage pregnancy often mask the understanding of the issue, and hinder the development of a solution. Teenage motherhood is an issue that has developed a very negative social construction in the United States. When this social construction is paired with that of racial minorities, the issue becomes even more daunting. While teenage pregnancy in general has attained a very negative stigmatization, the distress about minority groups, and especially African Americans, is expressed much more frequently and dramatically than that of their white counterparts. This has resulted in many misconceptions about the relationship between race and teenage motherhood as well as masked the understanding of the teenage motherhood trend versus aiding it. When examining the negative social constructions that have been created in the U. S. , that of African Americans cannot be ignored, especially in relation to teenage pregnancy. The African American community has been labeled as the sole proprietors of the teenage motherhood phenomenon. Black mothers under the age of twenty are paid much closer attention to than white mothers under age twenty. This is especially true when they are single. Black teenage mothers are assumed to be producing problematic children who contribute very little, if anything, to society. If one were to ask a majority of Americans their thoughts on African Americans and teenage pregnancy, they would be very similar to the thoughts of a man recorded on a radio talk show when he stated, â€Å"Black teen mothers children grow up in fatherless households with mothers who have few moral values and little control over their offspring. The boys join gangs; the girls stand a good chance of becoming teen mothers themselves†. This man’s opinion very clearly illustrates the negative association between blacks and early motherhood (Kaplan, xviii). The idea that African Americans are solely responsible for the teenage pregnancy phenomenon is highly influenced by the belief that black teenage mothers and fathers are morally unfit. Many believe them to have different moral values than those of non-minority teenagers of similar age. They are said to make their life decisions based on unmoral grounds and aspirations. This is a very inaccurate perception in many ways, however. When creating this presumption, many tend to look at the results of decisions made by young African American mothers, versus the environment influencing these decisions. In areas around the United States where teenage pregnancy is very common for African Americans, a number of social ills can be seen; unemployment, poor housing, gangs, drugs, and disrupted families are just to name a few (Kaplan, 19). Therefore, it is very important to recognize that the high number of teenage pregnancies seen in these areas is not simply a result of high African American demographics, and their so-called â€Å"unmoral values†. They are a result of the environmental conditions these African Americans are exposed to. One would see the same heightened percentages of white teenage pregnancies in a highly white demographic area, which was exposed to these same environmental and social ills. Another way in that the â€Å"morally unfit† argument is unreasonable, is in the fact that the majority of African American teenage mothers have the same life aspirations as their white peers. In a book written by Elaine Bell Kaplan, this very idea is explored in depth, through extensive interviews with black teenage mothers. In an interview with a mother named Diane, Kaplan asks Diane her reasoning for no longer being in a relationship with her babies father. She stated that, â€Å"He had a ghetto mentality. Hes the kind of person who likes a casual living style. I want to get as far away as possible from this life, even if it means giving up my son. My fantasy is to give him to his father, to get married, to live somewhere else, like in another state. To marry a professional, someone who has values and ideals like I have. Have more children, be a corporate attorney, have a big beautiful house, and a car. Have money. Have four children, all with my husband. Raise them and send them to college. Theres a real good sense of self-worth in that†(Kaplan, 95). The same could be said for many mothers Kaplan worked with throughout her study. These mothers were by no means morally unfit; they had simply made poor decisions, due to the environment in which they found themselves surrounded. The negative association between black women and teenage pregnancy does not exclusively revolve around teenage mothers, but the African American community as well. Many people believe that the black community condones teenage pregnancy. This could not be further from the truth. The black community shares the same expectations in regards to teenage pregnancy as any other community. In the eyes of the black community, and especially family members, teenage mothers are breaking three very essential social norms about motherhood and sexuality. The first being that, â€Å"Young women should certainly not have children until they reach adult status, and not before marriage† (Kaplan, 82). This social norm, which revolves around age, motherhood, and marriage, can be viewed many times as a silent, but mutual agreement within African American families. Mothers of teenage mothers often feel as though they were taught to follow these social norms as children, and therefore, these norms should be passed on and accepted by their children. In a statement by a mother in Kaplan’s book, this idea is very clearly demonstrated when the mother says, â€Å"You better not even discuss sex, let alone have it, with anyone until you get yourself married and talk about it to your husband. No man wants to marry soiled goods† (Kaplan, 81). This first social norm lights the pathway for the second, which is the idea that â€Å"sexually active unmarried girls become soiled goods†(Kaplan, 82). Throughout Kaplan’s study she found that African American mothers were embarrassed by the fact that their friends and coworkers knew their teenage daughter was sexually active. She was not only embarrassed for her daughter, but herself as well—she found it to be a big blow to her reputation. In another statement made by an African American mother whose teenage daughter was pregnant, it was stated that, â€Å"Only poor, ignorant, and mentally ill girls become pregnant at an early age. Nice girls dont† (Kaplan, 82). This quote clearly exemplifies that approval was the last thing experienced by black teenage mothers in regards to their pregnancy. The third, and final social norm African American families find to be broken by their daughters is â€Å"The notion that successful mothering means passing on social values to children† (Kaplan, 82). Black mothers view their daughter’s teenage pregnancy as an insult to their parenting abilities. They feel as though they failed at passing proper values onto their daughters, and view themselves and their daughters as moral failures. This is a very difficult aspect of the pregnancy for mothers to deal with, as it questions their definition of motherhood, and the views they have developed in regards to what motherhood entails. In many ways society has turned teenage pregnancy into a black and white issue. It is important to recognize, however, that teenage pregnancy is not simply an issue that revolves solely around race. And it most certainly does not lie completely in the hands of African Americans. The rates of young, white, single mothers have vastly increased in the United States in recent decades. (Lawson and Rhode, 89). Since 1988 young women have been giving birth at a much higher rate, regardless of their skin color (Luker, 7). Therefore, if teen pregnancy rates are rising in all racial communities, other factors contributing to this rise must be examined. This leads us to the next social construction revolving around teenage pregnancy: class. â€Å"It is true that young mothers tend to be poor women, it is much more meaningful to say that poor women tend to become young mothers† (Luker, 12). This statement is one that society has failed to truly grasp, and one that has lead to the social construction and belief that teenage pregnancy causes poverty. The idea that teenage poverty is an automatic sentence to poverty, and a contributing factor to poverty is one that is supported in the media, literature, and by society as a whole. In an article written by a social scientist named Lloyd Eby, it is expressed that â€Å"Teenage mothers and their children experience increased levels of depression, stress, and aggression; a decrease in some indicators for physical health; higher incidence of needing the services of mental health professionals, and other emotional and behavioral problems. All these effects are linked with lifetime poverty, poor achievement, susceptibility to suicide, likelihood of committing crimes and being arrested, and other pathologies† (Eby and Donovan, 44). Another author states that â€Å"Teenage pregnancy—the entry into parenthood of individuals who barely are beyond childhood themselves—is one of the most serious and complex problems facing the nation today†¦the birth of a child can usher in a dismal future of unemployment, poverty, family breakdown, emotional stress, dependency on public agencies, and health problems of mother and child† (Luker, 73). However, these indicators and symptoms of teenage pregnancy are ones that are also seen within impoverished communities that do not contain teenage mothers. They are symptoms that plague both communities containing poor teenage mothers and poor communities without teenage mothers, and cannot be pin pointed simply to the latter. Therefore, it can be seen that the concept above, which states that teenage mothers cause poverty should be viewed in a different way, as poverty is the true cause of teenage pregnancy. Eighty percent of teenage mothers come from poor backgrounds (Luker, 112). And, in order to understand the social construction mentioned above we must first examine and understand the reasons why such a large percent of these teenage mothers come from economically unstable backgrounds. The first major factor that can be explored is the fact that impoverished teens typically begin to have sexual intercourse at earlier stages in their lives. In addition to this fact, when they do start having sex they delay the use of effective contraceptives, and use them very inconsistently. This delayed and inconsistent use gives them many more opportunities to find themselves impregnated. All of these factors are ones that poor teenagers affluent peers tend to not take part in. They begin having sex at a later age, and when they begin to take part in sexual practices their use of effective contraceptives is much more consistent (Luker, 114). In addition to sexual practices, poor teens are at a disadvantage in terms of educational development and ambition. The majority of teenage mothers, before getting pregnant, show very few educational aspirations, and perform poorly in school. They come from much less affluent background than their counterparts, have lower scores on cognitive and ability tests, as well as have a long history of behavioral problems, truancy, and absenteeism. In other words these teens are young people who â€Å"were already experiencing difficulties in life on several fronts and who had little optimism about their futures† (Luker, 116). This separates poor mothers from their more affluent peers, as those who are more affluent tend to have higher career goals, better overall performance in school, consistent attendance and a greater sense of optimism about their futures. Not only do poor teenage mothers suffer from educational disadvantages, but their environment tends to influence them in a negative way. They live in poor areas, surrounded by few people who have any hope for their future. A teenager who lives in a poor area, surrounded by poor people, and who has no successful role models, is much more likely to find herself seventeen and having a baby than a more affluent teen living in the suburbs with successful parents. Affluent teens view pregnancy as an obstacle, whereas poor teens many times view teenage pregnancy as a normal stage in life. This clearly plays a crucial role in higher teenage birth rates within non-affluent communities. The evidence above clearly shows that circumstances the majority of poor young teenage mothers find themselves in are very bleak. These circumstances result in a higher percentage of teenage pregnancies within impoverished communities, and are ones that influence teenage mothers decision-making before conception. However, it is also important to examine the circumstances poor teen mothers encounter post pregnancy, in order to see that, while poverty is a large contributor to teenage pregnancy, the stresses it has on teen moms results in a vicious cycle of poverty, that they very seldomly escape. The centerpiece for the cycle of poverty teenage mothers find themselves in post pregnancy is education, or lack there of. It is important to recognize that critics of the theory I am examining would argue that teen mothers lack of education is the centerpiece of their argument as well. They believe mother’s lack of education is the attributing factor to the poverty seen throughout the nation, and would therefore state that teenage pregnancy is clearly the main cause of poverty. However, this is not necessarily the case. When teen moms are â€Å"faced with the demands of a baby and schoolwork, hey tend to drop out of high school; and teen mothers who have dropped out lose any educational chances they may have had, condemning themselves and their children to lives of disadvantage. But since the teens who become pregnant are discouraged and disadvantaged to begin with, and since the fact that they are living in bleak circumstances increased the likelihood that they will get pre gnant† the inference that their missed educational opportunities caused their poverty is incorrect (Luker, 116). Unfortunately, a majority of these young women would experience the same educational deficiencies whether they became pregnant or not. While a large majority of teenage mothers would struggle with their educational pursuits, regardless of if they became pregnant or not, it is still important to examine the specific ways in which teenage pregnancy effects the education of teenage mothers. As stated above, when teens become pregnant the stress they experience between motherhood and schoolwork is too much to handle. â€Å"Pregnancy is the most common cause of school dropout among adolescent girls in the United States†. (Luker, 119) And, once a student drop’s out of school, they find it very hard to go back and finish their degree (Luker, 119). Adolescents without a high school diploma find themselves with restricted job opportunities, unable to earn wages that will sufficiently support themselves and their child. They are trapped in the cycle of poverty, and the cycle is very hard to escape. It is very clear that the relationship between poverty and teenage pregnancy is very strong. While it would be very easy to assume that teenage pregnancy is the largest contributor to poverty, it is impossible to ignore the ways in which poverty influences young teens to become pregnant, and the role poverty plays in the lives of teenage mothers. By blaming teenage mothers for poverty we are masking the understanding we need to acquire in order to obtain a true insight into teenage pregnancy and teenage mothers. The third and final social construction I am examining is gender. As a society we have created the idea that in the majority of cases, women are meant to take inferior roles to men, and are here to please them. This idea has carried over into teenage pregnancy, and has had immense effects on teenage mothers before, during, and after their pregnancy. And in many cases has played a major part in why teenage mothers get pregnant in the first place. Not only does society create gender role expectations that confuse teenage mothers, but it also sends mixed messages about the roles teenage moms are supposed to play in their own life, as well as the life of their child. The first way in which teenage mothers are affected by traditional gender roles is in the fact that they fail to put themselves first in their relationships. They may have sex to please a man, and they may fail to use contraception because the man either objects or makes it difficult by complaining that contraception reduces his pleasure. Because of the way teenage girls have been influenced by outside sources, they many times read this as a way he is trying to solidify the relationship (Luker, 6). They see contraception as a barrier between them and their relationship, and therefore welcome the idea of not using it. Many teenager mothers have stated they purposely got pregnant in attempts to obtain a committed relationship. They fail to recognize they have as much control over their relationship as their partner, and instead of looking for some forms of control and assertiveness they simply seek acceptance and the feeling that they are wanted. These feelings are all associated with the idea that men are superior to them, and that women should seek the acceptance of a man more so than finding acceptance within herself (Luker, 4). Another concern within gender roles is that as a society we view young mothers as young women, we want them to be sensitive to the needs of others, committed to relationships and nurturing to the next generation. However, at the same time we want them to be careful, forward-thinking, attuned to the market, and prepared to invest in themselves and not others. This clash of ideas and messages causes a great deal of confusion in the lives of teenage mothers, and causes them to feel stuck between different sets of expectations and roles. In many ways it causes them to never feel satisfied with the role they are playing, and diminishes their chances of a brighter future (Luker, 6). Not only have we created gender role expectations for women that make teen pregnancy a much more difficult experience, but the gender roles we have created for men have made teen pregnancy a much more difficult experience as well. Women are given the responsibility of full-time care for their child, whether the male figure has involvement in their life or not. They are expected to deal with the daily stresses and issues that have been talked about above. Instead of assuming men should take these same responsibilities, we expect them not to play a large role, and have low expectations of their performance as teenage fathers. We quite simply let them off the hook. However, in order to aid teenage mothers in their daily hardships these expectations and gender roles need to be heightened for men. We cannot continue expecting them to fail at being acceptable fathers. In conclusion, we can see that race, class, and gender play large roles in the lives of teenage mothers, and influence their lives in many ways. The roles they play depend largely on the social constructions society chooses to accept, develop, and pursue. By looking past the traditional social constructions society has developed, the ones that we have seen are often misconstrued and misguided, we can obtain a true understanding of the lives of teenage mothers, and the causes of their lifestyles and decision making.

Proposal to De-criminalise Recreational Cannabis Use in Australia

Proposal to De-criminalise Recreational Cannabis Use in Australia In Australia there is a metaphorical ‘war on drugs’ that has failed comprehensively and as a result there is an ever-increasing level of support for the movement for drug reform.[1] There are a plethora of drug offences that relate to cannabis and a variety of statutory doctrines covered by both Commonwealth and State Law which assist in the prosecution of drug offences. The following report includes an overview of drug offences in NSW with a focus on cannabis. As well as an examination of policy issues associated with the criminalisation of recreational cannabis and potential risks and benefits related with alternative legal frameworks, in addition to a recommendation relating to the decriminalisation of cannabis. Drug Offences: The drug offences covered under the Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1966 (NSW) (DMTA) include use, possession, supply, trafficking, cultivation and manufacturing of prohibited plants and drugs as well as aiding and abetting and taking part in offences involving prohibited drugs and/or plants. These laws apply to cannabis as the substance is a prohibited drug as specified in Schedule 1 of the DMTA and is a prohibited plant as outlined in s 3. Additionally, cannabis is a poisons and can be found under s 8 of the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW), cannabis is a Schedule Nine substance and therefore is a substance which may be misused or abused and the manufacture, possession, sale and/or use is prohibited by law’[2] Under s 40 of the DMTA the ‘deemed drug’ provision, makes it an offence to attempt to supply or misrepresent a legal substance as an illicit drug e.g. representing parsley as cannabis. The definition of supply in s 3 makes the offence complete upon making the offer contrary to whether supply eventuates or whether there was an intention to supply is irrelevant. Under s 29 of the DMTA where a person is found to be in possession of a certain amount of a prohibited drug it is assumed that they are a drug trafficker, for cannabis leaf this weight is 300grams and the onus falls on the accused to prove otherwise. Traffickable offences also include possession of prohibited plants (s 23) and supply of prohibited drugs (s 25) as outlined in the DMTA and carry fines of 2,000 penalty units and/or 10 years imprisonment. DMTA prohibits the manufacture, supply, possession and/or use of prohibited drugs including cannabis. There are a variety of drug offences in NSW. As outlined in Pt 2 Div 1 of the DMTA including possession (s 10) and self-administration (s 12) which are summary offences and mean that an individual is liable for a fine of 20 penalty units and/or 2 years imprisonment (s 21).[3] Under s 11 of the DMTA it is an offence to be in possession of equipment for administration of prohibited drugs. The Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1996 (NSW) also assists in the prosecution of drug offences as it regulates, controls and prohibits the supply and use of different categories of drugs of which cannabis is classified as a drug of addiction thus a prohibited substance under Schedule 9 of the Poisons Act. The above-mentioned statutory doctrines must also coincide with the elements of criminal offences mens rea and actus reus before a person is found guilty. Major policy issues Statutory doctrines and court decisions created to assist in the prosecution of drug offences have contributed to the over criminalisation of drug-related behaviours. Drug policy in NSW is increasingly concerned with promoting approaches to minimise health risks and other harms caused by the use of cannabis and other legal and prohibited drugs.[4] There are a number of practical and ethical policy issues that are associated with the criminalisation of cannabis. Many policy issues arise regarding harm minimisation through ‘therapeutic’ criminalisation and harm minimisation. This includes the Cannabis Cautioning Scheme (CCS) which was introduced in 2000 and is a formal cautioning of adult offenders detected for minor offences relating to cannabis. As well as the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (MCCUS) which allows police to use their discretion as whether or not to caution terminally ill patients.[5] Other policy issues that arise as a result of criminalisation include a lack of medical supervision inevitably leading to the spread to preventable disease, overdose deaths, adulterated substances, drug related violence, distraction of police resources. ‘Prohibition is counterproductive — it causes significant harms additional to those resulting from drug use’ instead of funding for health and social services funding is diverted to law enforcement, prosecution and incarceration.’[6]   There are concerns as to criminalisation over targeting many low risk offenders such as those dealt with under the CCS.[7] This encroaches on users feelings of personal and financial security as it is often low level offences that are being dealt with pushing users further into poverty.[8] There is a slow movement in Australia to decriminalise cannabis however the CCS is a ‘punishment so disproportionate, because even if you end up having no real penalty you have a charge, the impact on employment opportunities and family can be lifelong.’[9] The purpose of criminalisation is often questioned and policy is concerned as whether there are benefits to criminalisation or whether criminalisation is implemented as it is a highly visible â€Å"solution† to real and perceived harms and risks associated with the recreational use of cannabis.[10] The framework is increasingly utilised as it can be enacted quickly, is visible and is often correlated with a strong government. It is a common opinion that the NSW Government are contradicting their actions and intentions between attempting to criminalise cannabis while minimising the harms associated with drug use which is supported by Tadeh Karapetian’s statement ‘the Government’s objective of minimising harm has been undermined by the criminalisation policy, through the stigmatisation of cannabis users, the preservation of the black market, the limitations of diversion schemes and the restriction of medicinal use.’ [11] Recently, the Court of Criminal Appeal in NSW, extended criminal liability for drug offences, fortunately, the High Court prevented on over reaching prosecution attempts to extend criminal liability in drug offences. In the case of Burns v The Queen the High Court found that unlawfully supplying a drug to someone does not ‘by itself, form the basis for unlawful and dangerous act manslaughter’.[12]   However, if supplying a drug did amount to manslaughter, over criminalisation would occur. As a result, users and suppliers would be more reluctant to call authorities for assistance for fear of being penalised and the criminal justice system would be over-exhausted and burdened as a result.[13]   It is estimated that Australians spend over $7 billion on cannabis annually, this is a concern for the Government as they are losing out on a potential revenue stream by criminalising cannabis use.[14] The National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2013 found that the recent use of cannabis in NSW dropped from 16.7% in 1998 to 9.5% in 2013, this is a concern for policy makers as it cannot be concluded that the ‘data does not support the notion that a criminalisation policy is more effective in preventing cannabis use.’[15] While the current policy criminalises the use of cannabis, policy is gradually de-criminalising cannabis and central to the policy debate is the belief that cannabis is a ‘gateway drug’ that raises concerns as to what other drugs users may be exposed to if cannabis is de-criminalised.[16] Alternative Legal Frameworks A national drug policy has been implemented in Australia since 1985 and accepts that the eradication of illegal drug use is not achievable. Instead it aims to minimise harm by reducing demand and supply.[17]There are multiple different legal frameworks the govern the use and supply of drugs: Depenalisation means drug use and possession carry lighter criminal penalties, whilst drug supply remains a criminal offence.[18] A benefit of this framework is that drug supply is still illegal which may assist in reducing the amount of cannabis that is supplied to users. Another benefit is that users are able to use the drug with a lesser penalty which may deter some users. Conversely, due to the lesser penalty, users may use cannabis rather than a drug that has harsher penalties. This will be detrimental to the government as they will be spending money in order to assist in imposing lighter penalties such as offering drug education and treatment services.[19] Decriminalisation results in drug use and possession no longer carrying criminal penalties but are replaced with civil penalties. Those who use or possess drugs may still be charged especially if fines are not paid or attending assessments are not complied with.[20] The supply of drugs is still a criminal offence. Many politicians are concerned that the decriminalisation of cannabis would ‘send the wrong message.’[21] Additionally, researches have supported this argument, arguing that ‘removing criminal penalties would lead to increased drug use, with harms falling hardest on the deprived communities that are already the most damaged by drug-related problems.’[22] Conversely, research undertaken in Sweden has shown that ‘as a result of decriminalisation, drug use does not increase among existing or new users, but reduces demand on, and the cost of the criminal justice system.[23] There may be reductions in problematic drug use, drug-related HIV and AIDS, deaths and reduced social costs of responding to drugs.[24] However, the way decriminalisation is implemented may affect the extent of net-widening which is an increase in the number of people arrested or charged.[25] Legalisation: the use and supply of cannabis is legal.[26] Approximately one in four Australians (26%) believe that the recreational use of cannabis should be legal.[27] The biggest risk is that supplying the drug is legalised. This makes it difficult to control the risks and harms associated with cannabis. Many people may abuse the legalisation of cannabis and treat it as a â€Å"gateway drug† to harsher and riskier drugs. It may result in reducing black market and criminal networks associated with cannabis drug trading, shift in responses and funding from the police and the criminal justice system towards heath, treatment and education programs. The taxes raised from the legalisation of cannabis could be used for the benefit of the community. By legalising cannabis there may be a significant increase in drug use, based on the harms and costs associated with legal drugs such as alcohol and tobacco. Recommendation It is essential that Governments recognises that they cannot strictly control the behaviour of citizens.[28] In response to the War on Drugs, the government needs to consider ending ‘the criminalization, marginalization and stigmatization of people who use drugs but who do no harm to others’ and ‘Encourage experimentation by governments with models of legal regulation of drugs to undermine the power of organized crime and safeguard the health and security of their citizens.’[29] The civil penalty applicable to minor cannabis offences creates fairness and justice as it is a more proportionate response. As a result, criminal justice resources will be freed up and civil penalties will generate a revenue for the NSW Government. ‘The only way to achieve goals of rational drug policy is to replace black market for drugs with form of legal availability under highly regulated system’, this means that the NSW government should adopt the non-commercial model which is popular in Uruguay, and allows the government to retain control over the production and sale of cannabis.[30] There should be a minimum age purchase such as 21 in the case of Colorado or 18 in Uruguay.[31] The drug should be purchased through pharmacies, with there being a limit on how much can be purchased per month as well as the purity, what forms it can be sold, the training and responsibilities of suppliers, education about the drug and much more.[32] Conclusion As a result of the ineffective ‘war on drugs’, there has been a global movement for drug law reform.[33] Former Victorian police commissioner Ken Lay, has explained that ‘you can’t arrest your way out of this problem’, showing the need for the NSW Government to reconsider the drug policy in regards to the recreational use of cannabis.[34] The key drug offences and major policy issues associated with the recreational use of cannabis is over criminalising and as a result placing strain on law enforcement and users. The government needs to be more concerned with harm minimisation rather than prohibition because ‘drug law enforcement has had little impact on the Australian drug market.’[35] In conclusion, with the application of sensible and reasonably strict criteria the decriminalisation of cannabis for recreational cannabis would benefit the NSW justice system, users and the community. Bibliography A Articles/Books/Reports Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government, Alcohol & other drug treatment services (2018) Caitlin Hughes and Alison Ritter, A Summary of Diversion Programs for Drug and Drug-Related Offenders in Australia (2008) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Cannabis legalisation: what model for regulation? (7 December 2017) Alcohol and Drug Foundation Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Review of the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (2016) NSW Government Conrad, Chris, Hemp for Health: The Medicinal and Nutritional Uses of Cannabis Sativa (Healing Arts Press, Rochester, 1997) Drug Programs and Initiatives (2018) NSW Government Featherston, James, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National Drug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology Hari, Johann, About Drug Policy Australia (2018) Drug Policy Australia Hall, Wayne, Pacula Liccardo, Rosalie, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003) Hughes, Caitlyn, Alex Stevens, ‘What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?’ (21 July 2010) The British Journal of Criminology Gettman, Jon, Top 10 Marijuana Policy Issues For 2018 (2 January 2018) High Times Gotsis, Tom, Chris Angus and Lenny Roth, Illegal Drug Use and Possession: Current Policy and Debates (Briefing Paper No 4, NSW Parliamentary Research Services, 2016) Featherston, James, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National Drug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology Lee, Nicole, Alison Ritter, Australia’s Recreational Drug Policies Aren’t Working, so What are the Options for Reform? (2 March 2016) The Conversation Mostyn, Ben, Helen Gibbon and Nicholas Cowdery, The Criminalisation of Drugs and the Search for Alternative Approaches   ‘24(2)’ Criminal Justice State Library New South Wales, Drug Laws in NSW (29 October 2015) http://legalanswers.sl.nsw.gov.au/drugs-and-law-hot-topics/drug-laws-nsw State Library New South Wales, Drug Offences (1 October 2016) Stephen Odgers, Editorial: Drug Law Reform (2014) 38(6) Criminal Law Journal Karapetian, Tadeh, Criminalisation of Cannabis in New South Wales: Is Harm Minimisation Going Up in Smoke? (2017) University of New South Wales Law Journal Student Series 17 B Cases Burns v The Queen [2012] HCA 35 C Legislation Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW) [1] Ben Mostyn, Helen Gibbon and Nicholas Cowdery, The Criminalisation of Drugs and the Search for Alternative Approaches ‘24(2)’ Criminal Justice, 265. [2] Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Act 1966 (NSW) [3] Drug Misuse and Trafficking Act 1985 (NSW) [4] Johann Hari, About Drug Policy Australia (2018) Drug Policy Australia [5] Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research and Innovation, Review of the Medicinal Cannabis Compassionate Use Scheme (2016) NSW Government [6] Mostyn, above n 1, 265. [7] Tadeh Karapetian, Criminalisation of Cannabis in New South Wales: Is Harm Minimisation Going Up in Smoke? (2017) University of New South Wales Law Journal Student Series 17. [8] Ibid. [9]Caitlin Hughes and Alison Ritter, A Summary of Diversion Programs for Drug and Drug-Related Offenders in Australia (2008) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre [10] Tom Gotsis, Chris Angus and Lenny Roth, Illegal Drug Use and Possession: Current Policy and Debates (Briefing Paper No 4, NSW Parliamentary Research Services, 2016) 19. [11] Karapetian, above n 9. [12] Burns v The Queen [2012] HCA 35. [13] Mostyn, above n 7,264 [14] Ibid. [15] Ibid. [16] Wayne Hall, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy (The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 2003) 4. [17]Gotsis, above n 12. [18] Ibid. [19] Ibid. [20] Lee, above n 18, 26. [21] Caitlin Hughes, Alex Stevens, ‘What Can We Learn From The Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?’ (21 July 2010) The British Journal of Criminology ‘50(6)’ [22] Ibid. [23] James Featherston, Simon Lenton, Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post-Change Data (2007) National Drug Research Institute Curtin and Curtin University of Technology 50-62. [24] Lee, above n 18, 26. [25] Ibid. [26] Ibid. [27] Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Australian Government, Alcohol & other drug treatment services (2018) [28] Karapetian, above n, 9. [29] Mostyn, above n 1, 262. [30] Stephen Odgers, Editorial: Drug Law Reform (2014) 38(6) Criminal Law Journal, 335. [31] Ibid. [32] Ibid. [33] Mostyn, above n 1, 269. [34] Lee, above n 18, 26 [35] Ibid.